а) CH3-CH(CH3)-CO-COOH + 2[H] = CH3-CH(CH3)-CHOH-COOH
CH3-CH(CH3)-CHOH-COOH + HCl = CH3-CH(CH3)-CHCl-COOH
CH3-CH(CH3)-CHCl-COOH + 2NH3 = CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOH + NH4Cl
б) CH3-CH(CH3)-CHO + HCHO = CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(OH)-CHO
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(OH)-CHO + Ag2O = CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(OH)-COOH + 2Ag
далее аналогично
C2H5OH + CuO = CH3-CHO + H2O + Cu
CH3-CHO + Cl2 = CH2Cl-CHO + HCl
CH2Cl-CHO + 2NH3 = CH2(NH2)-CHO + NH4Cl
CH2(NH2)-CHO + Cl2 = [CHCl(NH3)-CHO]Cl
[CHCl(NH3)-CHO]Cl + NaOH = CHCl(NH2)-CHO + NaCl + H2O
CHCl(NH2)-CHO + CH3Cl + 2Na = CH3-CH(NH2)-CHO + 2NaCl
CH3-CH(NH2)-CHO + Ag2O = CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH + 2Ag
не спешите переписывать, пусть проверят, в паре реакций не уверен.